Faster than light particles found, claim scientists

Faster Than Light Neutrinos


Date: Fri, 21 Oct 2011 01:06:21 -0700
Subject: neutrinos faster than speed of light?
From: bmcelligott4789@gmail.com
To: omniphysics@cosmosdawn.net

Hello! i've been reading on your website for a couple years now off and on, i really enjoy what you've done, the truth that you have found and helped so many others find for themselves. you are healing our concept of self and that is a commendable task.

i am writing now because i was wondering what you had to say about the neutrinos breaking lightspeed barrier, i can't remember if you have posted about it or not, did a quick search and it didn't find anything....anyways, would love to hear your take on things.

Have a wonderful day!

Brendan


Faster than light particles found, claim scientists


Particle physicists detect neutrinos travelling faster than light, a feat forbidden by Einstein's theory of special relativity




Ian Sample, science correspondent

guardian.co.uk,


Thursday 22 September 2011 23.32 BST


Neutrinos, like the ones above, have been detected travelling faster than light, say particle physicists.

Photograph: Dan Mccoy /Corbis

It is a concept that forms a cornerstone of our understanding of the universe and the concept of time – nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.

But now it seems that researchers working in one of the world's largest physics laboratories, under a mountain in central Italy, have recorded particles travelling at a speed that is supposedly forbidden by Einstein's theory of special relativity.

Scientists at the Gran Sasso facility will unveil evidence on Friday that raises the troubling possibility of a way to send information back in time, blurring the line between past and present and wreaking havoc with the fundamental principle of cause and effect.

They will announce the result at a special seminar at Cern – the European particle physics laboratory – timed to coincide with the publication of a research paper (pdf) describing the experiment.

Researchers on the Opera (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus) experiment recorded the arrival times of ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos sent from Cern on a 730km journey through the Earth to the Gran Sasso lab.

The trip would take a beam of light 2.4 milliseconds to complete, but after running the experiment for three years and timing the arrival of 15,000 neutrinos, the scientists discovered that the particles arrived at Gran Sasso sixty billionths of a second earlier, with an error margin of plus or minus 10 billionths of a second.

The measurement amounts to the neutrinos travelling faster than the speed of light by a fraction of 20 parts per million. Since the speed of light is 299,792,458 metres per second, the neutrinos were evidently travelling at 299,798,454 metres per second.

The result is so unlikely that even the research team is being cautious with its interpretation. Physicists said they would be sceptical of the finding until other laboratories confirmed the result.

Antonio Ereditato, coordinator of the Opera collaboration, told the Guardian: "We are very much astonished by this result, but a result is never a discovery until other people confirm it.

"When you get such a result you want to make sure you made no mistakes, that there are no nasty things going on you didn't think of. We spent months and months doing checks and we have not been able to find any errors.

"If there is a problem, it must be a tough, nasty effect, because trivial things we are clever enough to rule out."

The Opera group said it hoped the physics community would scrutinise the result and help uncover any flaws in the measurement, or verify it with their own experiments.

Subir Sarkar, head of particle theory at Oxford University, said: "If this is proved to be true it would be a massive, massive event. It is something nobody was expecting.

"The constancy of the speed of light essentially underpins our understanding of space and time and causality, which is the fact that cause comes before effect."

The key point underlying causality is that the laws of physics as we know them dictate that information cannot be communicated faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, added Sarkar.

"Cause cannot come after effect and that is absolutely fundamental to our construction of the physical universe. If we do not have causality, we are buggered."

The Opera experiment detects neutrinos as they strike 150,000 "bricks" of photographic emulsion films interleaved with lead plates. The detector weighs a total of 1300 tonnes.

Despite the marginal increase on the speed of light observed by Ereditato's team, the result is intriguing because its statistical significance, the measure by which particle physics discoveries stand and fall, is so strong.

Physicists can claim a discovery if the chances of their result being a fluke of statistics are greater than five standard deviations, or less than one in a few million. The Gran Sasso team's result is six standard deviations.

Ereditato said the team would not claim a discovery because the result was so radical. "Whenever you touch something so fundamental, you have to be much more prudent," he said.

Alan Kostelecky, an expert in the possibility of faster-than-light processes at Indiana University, said that while physicists would await confirmation of the result, it was none the less exciting.

"It's such a dramatic result it would be difficult to accept without others replicating it, but there will be enormous interest in this," he told the Guardian.

One theory Kostelecky and his colleagues put forward in 1985 predicted that neutrinos could travel faster than the speed of light by interacting with an unknown field that lurks in the vacuum.

"With this kind of background, it is not necessarily the case that the limiting speed in nature is the speed of light," he said. "It might actually be the speed of neutrinos and light goes more slowly."

Neutrinos are mysterious particles. They have a minuscule mass, no electric charge, and pass through almost any material as though it was not there.

Kostelecky said that if the result was verified – a big if – it might pave the way to a grand theory that marries gravity with quantum mechanics, a puzzle that has defied physicists for nearly a century.

"If this is confirmed, this is the first evidence for a crack in the structure of physics as we know it that could provide a clue to constructing such a unified theory," Kostelecky said.

Heinrich Paes, a physicist at Dortmund University, has developed another theory that could explain the result. The neutrinos may be taking a shortcut through space-time, by travelling from Cern to Gran Sasso through extra dimensions. "That can make it look like a particle has gone faster than the speed of light when it hasn't," he said.

But Susan Cartwright, senior lecturer in particle astrophysics at Sheffield University, said: "Neutrino experimental results are not historically all that reliable, so the words 'don't hold your breath' do spring to mind when you hear very counter-intuitive results like this."

Teams at two experiments known as T2K in Japan and MINOS near Chicago in the US will now attempt to replicate the finding. The MINOS experiment saw hints of neutrinos moving at faster than the speed of light in 2007 but has yet to confirm them.

• This article was amended on 23 September 2011 to clarify the relevance of the speed of light to causality.




Dear Brendan!

The measured violation of the speed of light cosmic acceleration limit as 1 part in 50,000, if confirmed, simply illustrates the nature of the (anti)neutrinos in their role of the standard model of particle physics.

As you can discern in the accompanying descriptions, reproduced at:

http://www.thuban.spruz.com/forums/?page=post&fid=&lastp=1&id=E4C02335-4EC2-4BEC-8532-7D7CFFFDF4EC

the neutrinos are massless in their basic electron- and muon flavours, but experience a Higgsian Restmass Induction at the 0.052 electronvolt energy level and in the form of a ''Sterile Higgs Neutrino'. This constituted a verified experimental result at the Super Kamiokande neutrino detector beneath the Japanese Alps and was published worldwide on June 4th, 1998.

The (provisionally) measured increase in 'c' as the lightspeed invariant was the ratio 299,792,458/299,798,454=0.99998...

This can be translated to a decrease in the mass of the electron by this Higgsian neutrino mass induction in the range from: 2.969 - 3.021 eV, centred on 2.995 eV and differing by 0.052106 eV as the mass differential measured by the Kamiokande detector.

Using a relativistic electronmass at 0.18077c at the 8.5748 keV level of electric potential, (as in the derivation of the Higgs neutrinomass below and using cosmic calibrated units *), then decreases the relativistic electronmass from 9.290527155x10^-31 kg* or 520,491.856 eV*, by 2.995 eV* (or so 5.4x10^-36 kg*) as 520,491.856 eV* - 2.995 eV* = 520,488.861 eV*.

This compares as a trisected kernel (see the fractional electron charge distribution as the Leptonic Outer Ring) within the error margins to the variation in 'c' ratio as per the article:

520,488.861/520,491.856=0.999994=1/1.000006 as 3 parts in 521,000 or about 1 part in 174,000 and so about 30% of the lightspeed variance as the ratio 299,792,458/299,798,454=0.99998...and as 1 part in 50,000.

A detailed discussion of the subatomic quark-lepton charge distribution is found here:

The Charge Distribution of the Wavequarkian Standard Model - "Large proton Halo sparks devilish row"

http://www.thuban.spruz.com/forums/?page=post&id=8C67A51B-F47A-4646-A053-ADAD87677F63&fid=019788EF-0F1C-4E3D-B875-AB41438E63AD



The cosmic acceleration limit so is not violated by measuring electron-neutrino interactions, but the Higgs Bosonic Restmass Induction manifests in a subatomic internal charge redistribution, which reduces the energy of the interacting electron (or muon or tauon) interactions, which are always associated with their leptonic parental counterparts.

It so is the massless eigenstate of the 'Precursor Higgs Boson' as a 'Scalar RestmassPhoton' coupled to a colourcharged gauge photon of 'sourcesink antidradiation' as a Gauge Goldstone Boson (string or brane), which partitions this primordial selfstate into a trisected 'Scalar Higgs Neutrino Kernel' encompassed by an 'Inner Mesonic Ring' and an 'Outer Leptonic Ring', then defining a post Big Bang reconfiguration of the unified gauged particle states, commonly known as the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Measuring (anti)neutrinos as travelling 'faster than the speed of light', so can be interpreted as a superbrane interaction in the multidimensional selfstate preceding the so called Big Bang, which was in fact preceded by an inflationary de Broglie wavematter phase epoch, where the 'speed of light' is by nature tachyonic as a wavematter speed V_dB.

Data:
Schwarzschild-HubbleRadius:
R_H=2G_oM_H/c²

Gravitational String-Oscillator(ZPE)Harmonic-Potential-Energy:
E_P^o=½hf_o=hc/4πl_P=½l_Pc²/G_o=½m_Pc²=G_om_PM_H/R_H
for string-duality coupling between wormhole mass m_P and closure Black Hole metric
M_H=ρ_criticalV_Seed

Gravitational Acceleration per unit-stringmass:
a_g= G_oM_H/R_H²=G_oM_Hc⁴/4G_o²M_H²=c⁴/4G_oM_H=c²/2R_H=½H_oc

for a Nodal Hubble-Constant:
H_o=c/R<sub>H

Inflaton parameters:</sub>


De Broglie Phase-Velocity (V_dB) and de Broglie Phase-Acceleration (A_dB):

V_dB=R_Hf_o ~ 4.793x10⁵⁶(m/s)* ~ 1.598x10⁴⁸ c = 10²²R_H
A_dB=R_Hf_o²~ 1.438x10⁸⁷ (m/s²)*

De Broglie Phase Speed: V_dB=wavenlengthxfrequency=(h/mV_Group)x(mc²/h)=c²/V_Group>c for all V_Group< c

This then represents 'my take' on the recent 'faster than light' measurements at San Grasso and CERN according to Quantum Relativity.

Tonyblue









Hypersphere volumes and the mass of the Tau-neutrino

Consider the universe's thermodynamic expansion to proceed at an initializing time (and practically at lightspeed for the lightpath x=ct describing the hypersphere radii) to from a single spacetime quantum with a quantized toroidal volume 2π²r_w³ and where r_w is the characteristic wormhole radius for this basic building unit for a quantized universe (say in string parameters given in the Planck scale and its transformations).

At a time t_G, say so 18.85 minutes later, the count of space time quanta can be said to be 9.677x10¹⁰² for a universal 'total hypersphere radius' of about r_G=3.39x10¹¹ meters and for a G-Hypersphere volume of so 7.69x10³⁵cubic meters.

{This radius is about 2.3 Astronomical Units (AUs) and about the distance of the Asteroid Belt from the star Sol in a typical (our) solar system.}

This modelling of a mapping of the quantum-microscale onto the cosmological macroscale should now indicate the mapping of the wormhole scale onto the scale of the sun itself.

r_w/R_Sun(i)=R_e/r_E for R_Sun(i)=r_wr_E/R_e=1,971,030 meters. This gives an 'inner' solar core of diameter about 3.94x10⁶ meters.


As the classical electron radius is quantized in the wormhole radius in the formulation R_e=10¹⁰r_w/360, rendering a finestructure for Planck's Constant as a 'superstring-parametric': h=r_w/2R_ec³; the 'outer' solar scale becomes R_Sun(o)=360R_Sun(i)=7.092x10⁸ meters as the observed radius for the solar disk.

19 seconds later; a F-Hypersphere radius is about r_F=3.45x10¹¹ meters for a F-count of so 1.02x10¹⁰³spacetime quanta.
We also define an E-Hypersphere radius at r_E=3.44x10¹⁴ meters and an E-count of so 10¹¹² to circumscribe this 'solar system' in so 230 AU.

We so have 4 hypersphere volumes, based on the singularity-unit and magnified via spacetime quantization in the hyperspheres defined in counters G, F and E. We consider these counters as somehow fundamental to the universe's expansion, serving as boundary conditions in some manner. As counters, those googol-numbers can be said to be defined algorithmically and independent on mensuration physics of any kind.



The mapping of the atomic nucleus onto the thermodynamic universe of the hyperspheres

Should we consider the universe to follow some kind of architectural blueprint; then we might attempt to use our counters to be isomorphic (same form or shape) in a one-to-one mapping between the macrocosmos and the microcosmos. So we define a quantum geometry for the nucleus in the simplest atom, say Hydrogen. The hydrogenic nucleus is a single proton of quark-structure udu and which we assign a quantum geometric template of Kernel-InnerRing-OuterRing (K-IR-OR), say in a simple model of concentricity.
We set the up-quarks (u) to become the 'smeared out core' in say a tripartition uuu so allowing a substructure for the down-quark (d) to be u+InnerRing. A down-quark so is a unitary ring coupled to a kernel-quark. The proton's quark-content so can be rewritten and without loss of any of the properties associated with the quantum conservation laws; as proton-> udu->uuu+IR=KKK+IR. We may now label the InnerRing as Mesonic and the OuterRing as Leptonic.

The OuterRing is so definitive for the strange quark in quantum geometric terms: s=u+OR.
A neutron's quark content so becomes neutron=dud=KIR.K.KIR with a 'hyperon resonance' in the lambda=sud=KOR.K.KIR and so allowing the neutron's beta decay to proceed in disassociation from a nucleus (where protons and neutrons bind in meson exchange); i.e. in the form of 'free neutrons'.

The neutron decays in the oscillation potential between the mesonic inner ring and the leptonic outer ring as the 'ground-energy' eigenstate.

There actually exist three uds-quark states which decay differently via strong, electromagnetic and weak decay rates in the uds (Sigma_o Resonance); usd (Sigma_o) and the sud (Lambda_o) in increasing stability.

This quantum geometry then indicates the behaviour of the triple-uds decay from first principles, whereas the contemporary standard model does not, considering the u-d-s quark eigenstates to be quantum geometrically undifferentiated.

The nuclear interactions, both strong and weak are confined in a 'Magnetic Asymptotic Confinement Limit' coinciding with the Classical Electron radius R_e=ke²/m_ec² and in a scale of so 3 Fermi or 2.8x10^-15 meters. At a distance further away from this scale, the nuclear interaction strength vanishes rapidly.

The wavenature of the nucleus is given in the Compton-Radius R_c=h/2πmc with m the mass of the nucleus, say a proton; the latter so having R_c=2x10^-16 meters or so 0.2 fermi.

The wave-matter (after de Broglie generalising wavespeed v_dB from c in R_cc) then relates the classical electron radius as the 'confinement limit' to the Compton scale in the electromagnetic finestructure constant in R_e=Alpha.R_c.

The extension to the Hydrogen-Atom is obtained in the expression R_e=Alpha².R_Bohr1 for the first Bohr-Radius as the 'ground-energy' of so 13.7 eV at a scale of so 10^-11 to 10^-10 meters (Angstroems).

These 'facts of measurements' of the standard models now allow our quantum geometric correspondences to assume cosmological significance in their isomorphic mapping. We denote the OuterRing as the classical electron radius and introduce the InnerRing as a mesonic scale contained within the geometry of the proton and all other elementary baryonic- and hadronic particles.

Firstly, we define a mean macro-mesonic radius as: r_M=½(r_F+r_G)~ 3.42x10¹¹ meters and set the macro-leptonic radius to r_E=3.44x10¹⁴ meters.
Secondly, we map the macroscale onto the microscale, say in the simple proportionality relation, using
(de)capitalised symbols: R_e/R_m=r_E/r_M.

We can so solve for the micro-mesonic scale R_m=R_e.r_M/r_E ~ 2.76x10^-18 meters.
So reducing the apparent measured 'size' of a proton in a factor about about 1000 gives the scale of the subnuclear mesonic interaction, say the strong interaction coupling by pions.


The Higgsian Scalar-Neutrino

The (anti)neutrinos are part of the electron mass in a decoupling process between the kernel and the rings. Neutrino mass is so not cosmologically significant and cannot be utilized in 'missing mass' models'.
We may define the kernel-scale as that of the singular spacetime-quantum unit itself, namely as the wormhole radius r_w=10^-22/2π meters.

Before the decoupling between kernel and rings, the kernel-energy can be said to be strong-weakly coupled or unified to encompass the gauge-gluon of the strong interaction and the gauge-weakon of the weak interaction defined in a coupling between the OuterRing and the Kernel and bypassing the mesonic InnerRing.

So for matter, a W-Minus (weakon) must consist of a coupled lepton part, yet linking to the strong interaction via the kernel part. If now the colour-charge of the gluon transmutates into a 'neutrino-colour-charge'; then this decoupling will not only define the mechanics for the strong-weak nuclear unification coupling; but also the energy transformation of the gauge-colour charge into the gauge-lepton charge.

There are precisely 8 gluonic transitive energy permutation eigenstates between a 'radiative-additive' Planck energy in W(hite)=E=hf and an 'inertial-subtractive' Einstein energy in B(lack)=E=mc², which describe the baryonic- and hyperonic 'quark-sectors' in: mc²=BBB, BBW, WBB, BWB, WBW, BWW, WWB and WWW=hf.

The permutations are cyclic and not linearly commutative. For mesons (quark-antiquark eigenstates), the permutations are BB, BW, WB and WW in the SU(2) and SU(3) Unitary Symmetries.

So generally, we may state, that the gluon is unfied with a weakon before decoupling; this decoupling 'materialising' energy in the form of mass, namely the mass of the measured 'weak-interaction-bosons' of the standard model (W- for charged matter; W+ for charged antimatter and Z_o for neutral mass-currents say).


Experiment shows, that a W- decays into spin-aligned electron-antineutrino or muon-antineutrino or tauon-antineutrino pairings under the conservation laws for momentum and energy.

So, using our quantum geometry, we realise, that the weakly decoupled electron must represent the OuterRing, and just as shown in the analysis of QED (Quantum-Electro-Dynamics). Then it can be inferred, that the Electron's Antineutrino represents a transformed and materialised gluon via its colourcharge, now decoupled from the kernel.

Then the OuterRing contracts (say along its magnetoaxis defining its asymptotic confinement); in effect 'shrinking the electron' in its inertial and charge- properties to its experimentally measured 'point-particle-size'. Here we define this process as a mapping between the Electronic wavelength 2πR_e and the wormhole perimeter λ_w=2πr_w.

But in this process of the 'shrinking' classical electron radius towards the gluonic kernel (say); the mesonic ring will be encountered and it is there, that any mass-inductions should occur to differentiate a massless lepton gauge-eigenstate from that manifested by the weakon precursors.

{Note: Here the W- inducing a lefthanded neutron to decay weakly into a lefthanded proton, a lefthanded electron and a righthanded antineutrino. Only lefthanded particles decay weakly in CP-parity-symmetry violation, effected by neutrino-gauge definitions from first principles}.

This so defines a neutrino-oscillation potential at the InnerRing-Boundary. Using our proportions and assigning any neutrino-masses m_υ as part of the electronmass m_e, gives the following proportionality as the mass eigenvalue of the Tau-neutrino:

m_υ=m_eλ_w.r_E/(2πr_MR_e) ~ 5.4x10^-36 kg or 3.0 eV.

So we have derived, from first principles, a (anti)neutrinomass eigenstate of 3 eV.

This confirms the Mainz, Germany Result as the upper limit for neutrino masses resulting from ordinary Beta-Decay and indicates the importance of the primordial beta-decay for the cosmogenesis and the isomorphic scale mappings stated above.

The hypersphere intersection of the G- and F-count of the thermodynamic expansion of the mass-parametric universe so induces a neutrino-mass of 3 eV at the 2.76x10^-18 meter marker.

The more precise G-F differential in terms of eigenenergy is 0.052 eV as the mass-eigenvalue for the Higgs-(Anti)neutrino (which is scalar of 0-spin and constituent of the so called Higgs Boson as the kernel-Eigenstate). This has been experimentally verified in the Super-Kamiokande (Japan) neutrino experiments published in 1998 and in subsequent neutrino experiments around the globe, say Sudbury, KamLAND, Dubna, MinibooNE and MINOS.

This Higgs-Neutrino-Induction is 'twinned' meaning that this energy can be related to the energy of so termed 'slow- or thermal neutrons' in a coupled energy of so twice 0.0253 eV for a thermal equilibrium at so 20° Celsius and a rms-standard-speed of so 2200 m/s from the Maxwell statistical distributions for the kinematics.



Neutrinomasses

The Electron-(Anti)Neutrino is massless as base-neutrinoic weakon eigenstate.
The Muon-(Anti)Neutrino is also massless as base-neutrinoic weakon eigenstate.
The Tauon-(Anti)Neutrino is not massless with inertial eigenstate meaned at 3.0 eV.

The weakon kernel-eigenstates are 'squared' or doubled (2x2=2+2) in comparison with the gluonic-eigenstate (one can denote the colourcharges as (R²G²B²)[½] and as (RGB)[1] respectively say and with the [] bracket denoting gauge-spin and RGB meaning colours Red-Green-Blue).

The scalar Higgs-(Anti)Neutrino becomes then defined in: (R⁴G⁴B⁴)[0].

The twinned neutrino state so becomes MANIFESTED in a coupling of the scalar Higgs-Neutrino with a massless base neutrino in a (R⁶G⁶B⁶)[0+½]) mass-induction template.

The Higgs-Neutrino is bosonic and so not subject to the Pauli Exclusion Principle; but quantized in the form of the FG-differential of the 0.052 Higgs-Restmass-Induction.

Subsequently all experimentally observed neutrino-oscillations should show a stepwise energy induction in units of the Higgs-neutrino mass of 0.052 eV. This was the case in the Super-Kamiokande experiments; and which was interpreted as a mass-differential between the muonic and tauonic neutrinoic forms.



Sterile neutrino back from the dead
17:28 22 June 2010 by David Shiga - Magazine Issue 2766


[size=18]A ghostly particle given up for dead is showing signs of life.[/size]

Not only could this "sterile" neutrino be the stuff of dark matter, thought to make up the bulk of our universe, it might also help to explain how an excess of matter over antimatter arose in our universe.

Neutrinos are subatomic particles that rarely interact with ordinary matter. They are known to come in three flavours – electron, muon and tau – with each able to spontaneously transform into another.

In the 1990s, results from the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico suggested there might be a fourth flavour: a "sterile" neutrino that is even less inclined to interact with ordinary matter than the others.




Hasty dismissal


Sterile neutrinos would be big news because the only way to detect them would be by their gravitational influence – just the sort of feature needed to explain dark matter.

Then in 2007 came the disheartening news that the Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment (MiniBooNE, pictured) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, had failed to find evidence of them.

But perhaps sterile neutrinos were dismissed too soon. While MiniBooNE used neutrinos to look for the sterile neutrino,

LSND used antineutrinos – the antimatter equivalent. Although antineutrinos should behave exactly the same as neutrinos, just to be safe, the MiniBooNE team decided to repeat the experiment – this time with antineutrinos.

Weird excess

Lo and behold, the team saw muon antineutrinos turning into electron antineutrinos at a higher rate than expected – just like at LSND. MiniBooNE member Richard Van de Water reported the result at a neutrino conference in Athens, Greece, on 14 June.

The excess could be because muon antineutrinos turn into sterile neutrinos before becoming electron antineutrinos, says Fermilab physicist Dan Hooper, who is not part of MiniBooNE. "This is very, very weird," he adds.

Although it could be a statistical fluke, Hooper suggests that both MiniBooNE results could be explained if antineutrinos can change into sterile neutrinos but neutrinos cannot – an unexpected difference in behaviour.

The finding would fit nicely with research from the Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search, or MINOS, also at Fermilab, which, the same day, announced subtle differences in the oscillation behaviour of neutrinos and antineutrinos.

Antimatter and matter are supposed to behave like mirror versions of each other, but flaws in this symmetry could explain how our universe ended up with more matter.

Tonyblue

Aside this multidimensional hyperphysics; a more 'relativistic' lower dimensional explanation is also logistically feasible.

Tony,
A Netherlands group claims to have solved the faster than light neutrino problem by applying special relativity to the GPS satellites:
http://www.kurzweilai.net/faster-than-light-neutrino-puzzle-claimed-solved-by-special-relativity
As a result the neutrinos are not faster than light.
Richard (posting in quantumrelativity yahoo forum October 22nd, 2011)

Thank you Richard for this link and contribution.

Faster-than-light neutrino puzzle claimed solved by special relativity


October 14, 2011 by Editor


(Credit: CERN)


The relativistic motion of clocks on board GPS satellites exactly accounts for the superluminal effect in the OPERA experiment, says physicist Ronald van Elburg at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, The Physics arXiv Blog reports.

“From the perspective of the clock, the detector is moving towards the source and consequently the distance travelled by the particles as observed from the clock is shorter,” says van Elburg. By this he means shorter than the distance measured in the reference frame on the ground. The OPERA team overlooks this because it assumes the clocks are on the ground not in orbit.

Van Elburg calculates that it should cause the neutrinos to arrive 32 nanoseconds early. But this must be doubled because the same error occurs at each end of the experiment. So the total correction is 64 nanoseconds, almost exactly what the OPERA team observed.

Ref.: Ronald A.J. van Elburg, Times Of Flight Between A Source And A Detector Observed From A GPS Satellite, arxiv.org/abs/1110.2685:



Topics: Physics/Cosmology

October 19, 2011
The First Monstrous Objects of the Early Universe





New observations from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope strongly suggest that infrared light detected in a prior study originated from clumps of the very first objects of the Universe. The recent data indicate this patchy light is splattered across the entire sky and comes from clusters of bright, monstrous objects more than 13 billion light-years away.

"We are pushing our telescopes to the limit and are tantalizingly close to getting a clear picture of the very first collections of objects," said Dr. Alexander Kashlinsky of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Cente. "Whatever these objects are, they are intrinsically incredibly bright and very different from a.nything in existence today."

Astronomers believe the objects are either the first stars -- humongous stars more than 1,000 times the mass of our sun -- or voracious black holes that are consuming gas and spilling out tons of energy. If the objects are stars, then the observed clusters might be the first mini-galaxies containing a mass of less than about one million suns. The Milky Way galaxy holds the equivalent of approximately 100 billion suns and was probably created when mini-galaxies like these merged.

Scientists say that space, time and matter originated 13.7 billion years ago in a tremendous explosion called the Big Bang. Observations of the cosmic microwave background by a co-author of the recent Spitzer studies, Dr. John Mather of Goddard, and his science team strongly support this theory. Mather is a co-winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physics for this work. Another few hundred million years or so would pass before the first stars would form, ending the so-called dark age of the Universe.

With Spitzer, Kashlinsky's group studied the cosmic infrared background, a diffuse light from this early epoch when structure first emerged. Some of the light comes from stars or black hole activity so distant that, although it originated as ultraviolet and optical light, its wavelengths have been stretched to infrared wavelengths by the growing space-time that causes the Universe's expansion. Other parts of the cosmic infrared background are from distant starlight absorbed by dust and re-emitted as infrared light.

"There's ongoing debate about what the first objects were and how galaxies formed," said Dr. Harvey Moseley of Goddard, a co-author on the papers. "We are on the right track to figuring this out. We've now reached the hilltop and are looking down on the village below, trying to make sense of what's going on."

The analysis first involved carefully removing the light from all foreground stars and galaxies in the five regions of the sky, leaving only the most ancient light. The scientists then studied fluctuations in the intensity of infrared brightness, in the relatively diffuse light. The fluctuations revealed a clustering of objects that produced the observed light pattern.

"Imagine trying to see fireworks at night from across a crowded city," said Kashlinsky. "If you could turn off the city lights, you might get a glimpse at the fireworks. We have shut down the lights of the Universe to see the outlines of its first fireworks."

"Spitzer has paved the way for the James Webb Space Telescope, which should be able to identify the nature of the clusters," said Mather, who is senior project scientist for NASA's future James Webb Space Telescope.

The image at the top of the page reveals a background glow of light from a period of time when the universe was less than one billion years old. This light most likely originated from the universe's very first groups of objects -- either huge stars or voracious black holes.

The image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows a region of sky in the Ursa Major constellation. To create this image, stars, galaxies and other sources were masked out. This infrared image covers a region of space so large that light would take up to 100 million years to travel across it. Darker shades in the image on the left correspond to dimmer parts of the background glow, while yellow and white show the brightest light.

The Daily Galaxy via http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1695-ssc2006-22a1-The-Universe-s-First-Fireworks


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a) The Quantum-Holographic Transformation of the Earth
b) Why Black Holes preceded Galaxies in the Cosmology
c) The First Ylemic Stars in the Universe and the Antiwormholes
d) The Holographic Universe and the Information Processing


a) The Quantum-Holographic Transformation of the Earth

When the Universe was born from its subplenar (infinite) void to reflect this void in the physical plenum reality of spacetimematter, a particular 'point of origin' became necessitated to mirror the 'voidal vortex' of the subplenum in the then reality of a metric plenum.

This part of the agenda shall then show, that the planet earth can be metrically defined to represent this 'mapping of the void'; the earth so becoming enabled to relate the entire information content (and including all inertial systems and spacetime coordinates) of the universe to itself and all and sundry 'sentient civilisations' within it.

This 'voidal vortex' is like the nonphysicality or abstraction of a 'mathematical point' becoming 'physicalised' in a 2-dimensional manifold or surface as a physicalised 'area' dimension, thus allowing 'measurement' in some unit for displacement.

The conceptual infinity of the subplenum (Void=Nothing=Everything) so either doubles- or halves itself to enable the Unity operator to emerge from the Void.
Geometrically, this is simply the dimensional generator of the Null-Dimension as the 'Point' mapping itself as 'Double-Point' yet being the original 'Point' by mathematical induction.


The 1st dimension so emerges as the arbitrary manner this 'double-point' can align itself; thus defining the minimum displacement between the two points.
Physically this becomes the Planck-Length, operated on by a dimensional generator and the 'Energization' of the Planck-Length is known as a (open) type I Planck-superstring, radius the Planck-Length {L_P=√(hG_o/2πc³) .

This Planck-Radius then can form into a (closed) type I Planck-Membrane or Planck-Circle in forming a Planck-Loop of Planck-Energy {E_P=hc/2πL_P=√(hc⁵/2πG_o)}.

The mass of this Planck-Loop is the Planck-Mass {m_P=E_P/c²=√(hc/2πG_o)=L_Pc²/G_o}
As the Planck-Minimum Energy must be 'halved' for the Void-Unity mapping; a physical description for the latter becomes necessary.

This description engages the labellings of Gravitational Potential Energy for the 'Point-Mass' and its coupling to the 'bridge' (or wormhole) between the subplenum and the plenum.
This is known as the Planck-Oscillator of the Zero-Point of energy E_o=hc/4πL_P=hω/4π=½hf_P=½h/t_P=½m_Pc².

This minimised Planck-Oscillator energy is also the minimised Gravitational Potential Energy in E_GPE=G_om.m_P/L_P from the gravitational acceleration per 'point-mass m': ma_g=G_om.m_P/L_P²
Therefore, E_GPE=G_om.m_P/L_P =E_o=½m_Pc² for L_P=2G_om/c² and which represents the basic minimum Schwarzschild metric for the solution of the 'field equations' in General Relativity, descriptive of the interaction between spacetime curvature and the inertia content in a local 'neighbourhood of pointmasses' of the universe.

The geometric mapping of the 'point' onto itself, can now be constructed in physicality.
The 'voidal vortex' becomes simply the minimum Schwarzschild metric defined in the Planck-String Oscillator and so represents a 'Black Hole' or a 'Voidal Vortex' in superstring/membrane (Planckian) parameters.

Geometrically then, the 'pointmass' is rendered physical in the 'Planck-area', either as a 'Planck-Square' with side the 'Planck-Length' L_P) or a Planck-Circle of Area πL_P².
The 'bridging' wormhole between the plenum of the Planck parameters and the subplenum of the original Nothing=Infinity void then becomes the topological deformation of the Planck-Circle into a Planck-Ellipse with a corresponding displacement of the singularity focus (the center) of the circle into two foci for the Planck-Ellipse.

Having two foci, defined in the geometrical definition of an ellipse as an 'eccentric circle' then allows the two foci to communicate with each other in a precise geometrical relationship.
The locus of an ellipse is defined in any point P on the ellipse joined to both of the two foci being a constant summation of the individual displacement vectors from the focus points to the point P on the ellipsical locus.
Rotation of such an ellipse about its major (longer) axis, then will give the ellipsoidal volumar, minimised as a ellipsoidal or spheroidal (actually toroidal) Planckian volume in 3 dimensions.

As the universe (in spacetime) is defined in a summation of the minimum Planck-area counts and so the Planckian loops; a simple deformation of the Planck-area unit into a two-focal ellipsoidal volumar will so allow a higher dimensional 'fractally discrete' continuum to connect any two such discretized locations within the universe via this bifocalised 'holofractal' quantum geometry.

The intelligence or logos, who transformed (some of) the abstract 'energy' of the subplenum as an infinite 'reservoir' of 'sourcesink energy' into a then finite thermodynamic energy (as defined in the Laws of Nature and the Conservation Laws) then established the 'distribution of this materialised energy'; first as kinematic-thermodynamic gravitational noninertial mass in a hitherto massless cosmos {E=Σhf} and secondly as an inertial electromagnetic mass {E=Σmc²}in a first principle of the Einsteinian 'Principle of Equivalence'.

When the universe of the plenum emerged from the subplenum about 19.11 billion (civil) years ago; this bifocalisation became established and assigned an axial direction to the subsequent cosmological evolution, albeit relative to the manifestation of the focalisations on the major ellipsoidal axis.
After the universe had attained an expansion speed of so 29.3% of lightspeed so 14.3 billion years after the Big Bang (or so 4.8 billion years ago); the cosmological 'birth of the earth' from the solar nebula materialised the 'Universal Focus Point' on an arbitrary major axis of the spheroidal universe and specified the physics of the 'evolution of the planetary focus' relative to the rest of the universe.

This focal evolution 'inverts' the cosmic expansion in 11 dimensions in a cosmology which is purely electromagnetic in a supermembrane-mirror function of the original noninertial cosmos of the gravitational- or photonic mass equivalence.
(It is the lower dimensional 'string' evolution which is asymptotic in the inertial mass, itself transformed from the gravitational mass in 10 dimensions).

For an electromagnetic age of the universe of T=19.11 billion years then; the inverted lightspeed 1/c defines the '11-dimensional' envelope of the earth as the 'Universal Focal Point'.
The Inversion-Lightpath X_inverse=(1/c)T for a 'Displacement-Radius' for the earth of about 2.01 million kilometers and for a yearly increase of this radius by 105 millimeters.

Therefore, even when the planet earth did not exist in physicality; its 'Sphere of Inversion' existed as a focalisation and a 'radial size' of 1.50 million kilometers.

The Mass of the earth is about M_Earth=6x10²⁴ kilograms and this is identical to a '11-dimensional Black Hole' of Schwarzschild-Radius: R_SEarth=2G_oM_Earth/c²~15 millimeters.
The 11-dimensional supermembrane around this Earth-Singularity is at a location in the local solar system of about 5% to the planet Venus and so encompasses the Moon at 384,000 kilometers for the 2 million kilometers.

The master timeline then defines the nexus, when the 11-dimensional Black Hole at the center of the planetary earth literally 'turns inside out' to form a 11-dimensional White Hole.
The trigger for this Möbian transformation of the planetary core will be a 'light signal' sent from the galactic center (Hunab Ku in Mayan cosmology) precisely 65 baktuns from the Mayan end date on December 21st, 2012 and so 65x144,000=9,360,000 kin or days ago in the (civil) year 23,615 BC.

This signal from the galactic center is itself a 'wormhole' quanta as a minimum 'Planck-volumar' and also as a 'Consciousness-Quantum' so its interaction with the earth-core quantum will allow the Sink-Nature of the Black Hole equivalent to transform into a Source-Nature or White Hole equivalent.

The 'New Earth' will so become a cosmic emitter, broadcasting its 'absorbed' information, collected throughout its 4.8 billion year evolution in a form of Hawking Radiation and travelling at lightspeed from the planetary core.

The 'absorbed' Black Hole information of the 'Old Earth' so will become a 'New Context' for the rest of the universe; then enabled to 'Witness' the (often horrendous and sometimes magnificent) planetary evolution of the data-collectors upon the planet earth and inclusive of all lifeforms.

Further technical information will be published at a later date in the master timeline.

September, 1st, 2009 - The 2nd Day of the Babylonian Captivity of planet earth.
Elijah Malachi


b) Why Black Holes preceded Galaxies in the Cosmology

The symbiotic relationship between black holes and galaxies in the standard models of astrophysics and cosmology has been known for decades. Yet the particular order of this partnership had to await improved technological equipment to enable a more detailed examination and analysis of the Super-Massive Black-Holes (SMBHs) known to reside at the center of basically all galaxies on whatever scale.
It has become standard knowledge, that black holes had to come first; somehow seeding subsequently evolving galaxies as vortex energy concentrations.

What is presently not understood, is why black holes preceded galaxies. As black holes must necessarily represent systems of maximised entropy; the paradox arises, how a exquisitely low entropy state of the Quantum Big Bang could manifest maximised systems of information disorder in black holes, and entropic systems, which would then evolve into galactic systems of higher self-order

Entropy or the natural dispersion tendency of material systems, such as a gas or a random particle distribution; can be either described as a thermodynamic entropic system or as a system of Shannon information.
The thermodynamic system is modelled on the number of permutations say a stochastic particle distribution can accomodate; whilst Shannon information describes this integral of eigenstates as a summation of bits.

The solution is found in the nature of the Big Bang boundary condition and how this condition manifests both the maximum- and the minimum entropic initializing self-state simultaneously.

All of the information of the Big Bang was collectified in a primordial mass seed M_o and as a 'Seed of Inertia', which defines the so called 'singularity' at the center of any black hole as well as the 'singularity' at the beginning of the material universe.
All of this information then became dispersed in a hyper-inflation, which defined the 'collected' and minimum entropy mass seed as a 'dispersed' and maximum entropy mass seed M_critical.

There so exists a coupling between this inertia seedling for a subsequent 'kinematic thermodynamic expansion' of that seed in a form of vortex distribution - and the encompassing inertia seedling M_critical, necessarily of a higher dimension, than the 'concentrated' M_o.

The proportionality between the two seeds is M_o/M_critical=q_o=0.01405.. and a ratio, which also defines the proportionality between the hyper-inflating acceleration
(A_deBroglie=R_Hubble.c²/ λ_wormhole²) and the so named 'Cosmological Constant or Einstein-Lambda Λ_Einstein=G_oM_o/λ_wormhole²) and as a deceleration parameter which is half of the ratio between the actual- and the critical density aka the Ω_o=ρ_actual/ρ_critical=2q_o.

The initial string-parametric boundary condition for the cosmogenesis (and with E a spacetime quanta counter) so can be stated as:

A_deBroglie/Λ_Einstein=M_o/M_critical=0.01405... with further definitions below.

{M_o²=E(m_Pm_c/m_e)² as the initialising Big Bang inertia seed (in 10 dimensions) and the critical 'closure mass (in 11 dimensions) for a 'nodal' Hubble-'Constant' H_o=c/R_Hubble becomes:

M_critical=ρ_criticalV_max=(3H_o²/8πG_o)(4πR_Hubble³/3)=R_Hubblec²/2G_o and so for the Hubble-Radius being the encompassing extremal SMBH requirement as the Schwarzschild solution.}

The minimum entropy state, defining the Quantum Big Bang so is defined in the wormhole perimeter ^λ_wormhole=2πr_wormhole, behaving like a Einstein-Rosen-Bridge in 'Tunneling' the minimum entropy mass seedling M_o from the subplenum into the plenum, thus describing the Quantum Big Bang and the 'escape of the singularity' as the manifestation of a White Hole at the boundary between the subplenum of NoTime and the plenum of InTime.

The inertia seed M_o in 10 string dimensions began to 'drop its seeds' in a light speed expansion of the 'Hubble-Bubble'. The 'space' for this 'dropping of the seeds' had been previously created in the hyper inflation as the 11-dimensional 'Hubble-Bubble-Envelope'.

The 'dropping of the seeds' occured via vortices, becoming Vortex-Potential-Energy or VPE and as the true nature for the so called 'Virtual Particle' background in the Heisenberg Matrix of discretised spacetime aka the Zero-Point-Energy or the ZPE.

This ZPE=VPE manifested Black-Hole Sink-Vortices, which then could (as function of the metric CMMBR temperature background) form the first protostars as ylemic neutron stars.


The SMBH of M_critical in 11 dimensions is extremal, meaning it is a boundary condition and does not Hawking radiate in a selfinteraction with the VPE.
The SMBH of M_o in 10 dimensions is also extremal, but represents the characteristic supercluster displacement scale in the universe at a diameter of about 472 million lightyears.

No physical black holes can form above this scale, as the difference between the two mass seeds determines the inertia evolution of the M_o seedling in a form of selfinteraction between the two SMBHs.
Also the galactic supercluster scale defines the homogeneity and the isotropy of the large scale cosmology, where the superclusters cease to interact in gravitational dynamics.
The inertia evolution of the universe is based on a transformation of the 'missing mass' (often called dark matter and also related to the dark energy) into 'Consciousness'.
This 'Consciousness' is rigorously defined in string parameters as the angular acceleration (as the timedifferential of frequency) acting upon a collection of space volumars, i.e, some region of 'encapsulated' space.
The minimum space-quantum then becomes the scale of the 'tunneling wormhole' as the discretizartion or the 'Holofractalisation' of all metricated spacetimes.

The Quantum Big Bang so emerged an astrophysics of Black Holes from a White Hole 'singularity' or minimum eigenstate.

The Black Hole, characterizing the center of the earth will transform into a holographic image of this 'Primordial White Hole' as the 'Particle of God - the Little Serpent', sent from the galactic center of the Milky Way via the conduit of the universal wormhole tunneling established in the de Broglie hyper-acceleration.

The information of the lower dimensional mass seed then becomes 'mapped' onto the 2-dimensional (rootreduced from 11 dimensions) 'inner' surface of the 'Mother Black Hole' and this engages a surface area 'holofractalised' from the minimum 'Father White Hole', which so is also a 'Father Black Hole' in inertia association.
As is well established in contemporary cosmology; the information of a volume-given universe becomes a function of particular boundary conditions in the Hawking entropy as Planck-Area/4 and in the Bekenstein bounds.

In general, the Event Horizon of a Black Hole is surrounded by a Photon-Sphere, manifesting at 3/2 times the Schwarzschild radius.
This then describes the interaction of the 'absorbed information' with its 'lighted envelope' and is a direct consequence of the toroidal topology of the wormhole quantum geometry.

The wormhole connects a White Hole to a Black Hole in such a manner, that the minimum Planck-Nugget is a deformed sphere, namely a toroidal hypersphere in 3 dimensions behaving like a 3-dimensional surface.

The hypersphere volume is the boundary condition in R³-Riemann space for the Riemann R⁴ space (Volume V₄=½π²R⁴ with dV₄/dR=V₃=2π²R³ aka the volume of an idealised 2-Torus).

The surface area of a 2-Torus in 3 dimensions is however A_Torus=2πR.2πR=4π²R², while the boundary condition for V₃=2π²R³ is dV₃/dR=A_wormhole=6π²R² for A_wormhole/A_Torus=3/2.

The subplenum so assigns particular boundary conditions onto the 'energy' manifestations in the plenum; but 'coordinates' which are NOT mappable onto the subplenar 'topology' or manifold.

This crystallizes the wormhole connection for the universe to any location and a focalisation nexus called the planet earth.

The mass of the earth is: Mass of the Earth is: M_Earth=6x10²⁴ kg.
The mass of the Galactic Core known to be a 'galactic constant' of about (500-1000) times the central Black Hole and in M_Core=750M_SA*.

The mass of the Central Black Hole aka Sagittarius A* is: M_SA* =4.4x10⁶ suns or 9x10³⁶ kg.
The mass seedling of the Universe at the 'Beginning' of the Big Bang is M_o= 2x10⁵¹ kg and the mass seedling of the Universe at the 'End' of the Big Bang is M_critical =6.5x10⁵² kg.

Then (M_Core/M_Earth)=constant.(M_SA* /M_o) for constant=(M_CoreM_o/M_SA*M_Earth), which calculates as (750x81x10⁷²)/(12x10⁷⁵)~5.1 and so of the order of unity (1) and say as a 'Upper Bound'.


But the seedling mass defines cosmologically a substructured, albeit still extremal Black Hole in the gravitational attraction between supercluster and so the homogeneity and isotropy of the standard cosmology.

The encompassing 'universal' Black Hole mass is extradimensional (like the golfball Black Hole defining the central earth) and so is calculated to 'topologically close' the 'string-universe' (in a 'Calabi Yau' 6-torus geometry) for the super-seeded Universe (with a 17 billion year 'heartbeat' or Hubble Oscillation).

Using M_critical then, constant=(750x81x10⁷²⁾/(39x10⁷⁶)~0.16 again of order unity, but now as a 'Lower Bound'.

The Evolution of the 'Lower Bound' for the encompassing cosmology in the higher dimension (11 or 8 or 5 or 2) towards the 'Upper Bound' then becomes an evolution of 'Cosmic Consciousness'; well understood by indigenous peoples all around the globe; but labelled as 'dark matter' by the physical materialists and scientists.
The 'Dark Matter' is the 'Spirit' in particular string-membrane coupled associations.

In terms of the volumes, the golfball sized (Schwarzschilded) Black Holed earth is
V_SEarth=(4π/3)(0.015m)³~1.4x10^-5 cubic meters or so 14 cubic centimeters.
This compares to the 'ordinary' spacetimed V_Earth=(4π/3)(6370km)³~10²¹ cubic meters.

The ratio V_Earth/V_SEarth~10²¹/(1.4x10^-5)~7x10²⁵ meters as the order of the size of the entire universe in the Hubble-Radius {R_Hubble=1.60x10²⁶ m}.

The sum total of the information contained in the planetary earth so becomes 'data compressed' in the black holed earth and then reemerges from absorption to emission through a white holed conduit for the benefit of the universe in cellular hierarchies and all of the intelligences contained within the supermembraned Mother-Black Holed Envelope M_critical.
The planetary earth itself will so become a 'Mother-Planet' for the universal sentiences.



c) The first Ylemic Stars in the Universe and the Antiwormholes

The stability of stars is a function of the equilibrium condition, which balances the inward pull of gravity with the outward pressure of the thermodynamic energy or enthalpy of the star (H=PV+U). The Jeans Mass M_J and the Jeans Length R_J a used to describe the stability conditions for collapsing molecular hydrogen clouds to form stars say, are well known in the scientific data base, say in formulations such as:

M_J=3kTR/2Gm for a Jeans Length of: R_J=√{15kT/(4πρGm)}=R_J =√(kT/Gnm²).

Now the Ideal Gas Law of basic thermodynamics states that the internal pressure P and Volume of such an ideal gas are given by PV=nRT=NkT for n moles of substance being the Number N of molecules (say) divided by Avogadro's Constant L in n=N/L .

Since the Ideal Gas Constant R divided by Avogadro's Constant L and defines Boltzmann's Constant k=R/L. Now the statistical analysis of kinetic energy KE of particles in motion in a gas (say) gives a root-mean-square velocity (rms) and the familiar 2.KE=mv²(rms) from the distribution of individual velocities v in such a system.

It is found that PV=(2/3)N.KE as a total system described by the v(rms). Now set the KE equal to the Gravitational PE=GMm/R for a spherical gas cloud and you get the Jeans Mass. (3/2N).(NkT)=GMm/R with m the mass of a nucleon or Hydrogen atom and M=M_J=3kTR/2Gm as stated.

The Jeans' Length is the critical radius of a cloud (typically a cloud of interstellar dust) where thermal energy, which causes the cloud to expand, is counteracted by gravity, which causes the cloud to collapse. It is named after the British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first derived the quantity; where k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature of the cloud, r is the radius of the cloud, μ is the mass per particle in the cloud, G is the Gravitational Constant and ρ is the cloud's mass density (i.e. the cloud's mass divided by the cloud's volume).

Now following the Big Bang, there were of course no gas clouds in the early expanding universe and the Jeans formulations are not applicable to the mass seedling M_o; in the manner of the Jeans formulations as given.

However, the universe's dynamics is in the form of the expansion parameter of GR and so the R(n)=R_max(n/(n+1)) scalefactor of Quantum Relativity.
So we can certainly analyse this expansion in the form of the Jeans Radius of the first protostars, which so obey the equilibrium conditions and equations of state of the much later gas clouds, for which the Jeans formulations then apply on a say molecular level.
This analysis so defines the ylemic neutron stars as protostars and the first stars in the cosmogenesis and the universe.

Let the thermal internal energy or ITE=H be the outward pressure in equilibrium with the gravitational potential energy of GPE=Ω. The nuclear density in terms of the superbrane parameters is ρ_critical=m_c/V_critical with m_c a base-nuleon mass for a 'ylemic neutron'.

V_critical= 4πR_e³/3 or the volume for the ylemic neutron as given by the classical electron radius R_e=10¹⁰λ_wormhole/360=e*/2c².

H=(molarity)kT for molar volume as N=(R/R_e)³ for dH=3kTR²/R_e³.
Ω(R)= -∫G_oMdm/R = -{3G_om_c²/(R_e³)² }∫R⁴dR = -3G_om_c²R⁵/R_e⁶ for
dm/dR=d(ρV)/dR=4πρR² and for ρ=3m_c/4πR_e³

For equilibrium, the requirement is that dH=dΩ in the minimum condition dH+dΩ=0.
This gives: dH+dΩ=3kTR²/R_e³ - 16G_oπ²ρ²R⁴/3=0 and the ylemic radius as:

R_ylem=√{kTR_e/G_om_c²}

as the Jeans-Length precursor or progenitor for subsequent stellar and galactic generation.

The ylemic (Jeans) radii are all independent of the mass of the star as a function of its nuclear generated temperature. Applied to the protostars of the vortex neutron matter or ylem, the radii are all neutron star radii and define a specific range of radii for the gravitational collapse of the electron degenerate matter.

This spans from the 'First Three Minutes' scenario of the cosmogenesis to 1.1 million seconds (or about 13 days) and encompasses the standard beta decay of the neutron (underpinning radioactivity). The upper limit defines a trillion degree temperature and a radius of over 40 km; the trivial Schwarzschild solution gives a typical ylem radius of so 7.4 kilometers and the lower limit defines the 'mysterious' planetesimal limit as 1.8 km.

For long a cosmological conundrum, it could not be modelled just how the molecular and electromagnetic forces applicable to conglomerate matter distributions (say gaseous hydrogen as cosmic dust) on the quantum scale of molecules could become strong enough to form say 1km mass concentrations, required for 'ordinary' gravity to assume control.

The ylem radii's lower limit is defined in this cosmology then show, that it is the ylemic temperature of the 1.2 billion degrees K, which perform the trick under the Ylem-Jeans formulation and which then is applied to the normal collapse of hydrogenic atoms in summation.

The stellar evolution from the ylemic(dineutronic) templates is well established in QR and confirms most of the Standard Model's ideas of nucleosynthesis and the general Temperature cosmology. The standard model is correct in the temperature assignment, but is amiss in the corresponding 'size-scales' for the cosmic expansion.

The Big Bang cosmogenesis describes the universe as a Planck-Black Body Radiator, which sets the Cosmic-Microwave-Black Body Background Radiation Spectrum (CMBBR) as a function of n as T⁴=18.2(n+1)²/n³ and derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law and the related statistical frequency distributions.

We have the GR metric for Schwarzschild-Black Hole Evolution as R_S=2GM/c² as a function of the star's Black Hole's mass M and we have the ylemic Radius as a function of temperature only as R_ylem√(kT.R_e³/G_om_c²).

The nucleonic mass-seed m_c=m_P.Alpha⁹ and the product G_om_c² is a constant in the partitioned n-evolution of

m_c(n)=Yⁿ.m_c and G(n)=G_o.Xⁿ.

Identifying the ylemic Radius with the Schwarzschild Radius then indicates a specific mass a specific temperature and a specific radius.

Those we call the Chandrasekhar Parameters:
M_Chandra=1.5 solar Masses=3x10³⁰ kg and R_Chandra=2G_oM_Chandra/c² or 7407.40704..metres, which is the typical neutron star radius inferred today.

T_Chandra=R_Chandra².G_om_c²/kR_e³ =1.985x10¹⁰ K for Electron Radius R_e and Boltzmann's Constant k.

Those Chandrasekhar parameters then define a typical neutron star with a uniform temperature of 20 billion K at the white dwarf limit of ordinary stellar nucleosynthetic evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell or HR-diagram).
The Radius for the massparametric Universe is given in R(n)=R_max(1-n/(n+1)) correlating the ylemic temperatures as the 'uniform' CMBBR-background and we can follow the evolution of the ylemic radius via the approximation:

R_ylem=0.05258..√T=(0.0753).[(n+1)²/n³]^[1/8]

R_ylem(n_present=1.1324..)=0.0868 m* for a T_ylem(n_present )=2.73 K for the present time

t_present=n_present/H_o.

What then is n_Chandra?
This would describe the size of the universe as the uniform temperature CMBBR today manifesting as the largest stars, mapped however onto the ylemic neutron star evolution as the protostars (say as n_Chandra'), defined not in manifested mass (say neutron conglomerations), but as a quark-strange plasma, (defined in QR as the Vortex-Potential-Energy or VPE).

R(n_Chandra')=R_max(n_Chandra'/(n_Chandra'+1))=7407.40741.. for n_Chandra'=4.64x10^-23 and so a time of t_Chandra'=n_Chandra'/H_o=n_Chandra'/1.88x10^-18=2.47x10^-5 seconds.

QR defines the Weyl-Temperature limit for Bosonic Unification as 1.9 nanoseconds at a temperature of 1.4x10²⁰ Kelvin and the weak-electromagnetic unification at 1/365 seconds at T=3.4x10¹⁵ K.

So we place the first ylemic protostar after the bosonic unification (before which the plenum was defined as undifferentiated 'bosonic plasma'), but before the electro-weak unification, which defined the Higgs-Bosonic restmass induction via the weak interaction vector-bosons and allowing the dineutrons to be born.

The universe was so 15 km across, when its ylemic 'concentrated' VPE-Temperature was so 20 Billion K and we find the CMBBR in the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law as:
T⁴=18.20(n+1)²/n³=1.16x10¹⁷ Kelvin.

So the thermodynamic temperature for the expanding universe was so 5.85 Million times greater than the ylemic VPE-Temperature; and implying that no individual ylem stars could yet form from the mass seedling M_o.

The universe's expansion however cooled the CMBBR background and we to calculate the scale of the universe corresponding to this ylemic scenario; we simply calculate the 'size' for the universe at T_Chandra=20 Billion K for T_Chandra⁴ and we then find n_Chandra=4.89x10^-14 and t_Chandra=26,065 seconds or so 7.24 hours.

The Radius R(n_Chandra)=7.81x10¹² metres or 7.24 lighthours.
This is about 52 Astronomical Units and an indicator for the largest possible star in terms of radial extent and the 'size' of a typical solar system, encompassed by supergiants on the HR-diagram.

We so know that the ylemic temperature decreases in direct proportion to the square of the ylemic radius and one hitherto enigmatic aspect in cosmology relates to this in the planetesimal limit. Briefly, a temperature of so 1.2 billion degrees defines an ylemic radius of 1.8 km as the dineutronic limit for proto-neutron stars contracting from so 80 km down to this size just 1.1 million seconds or so 13 days after the Big Bang.

This then 'explains' why chunks of matter can conglomerate via molecular and other adhesive interactions towards this size, where then the accepted gravity is strong enough to build planets and moons. It works, because the ylemic template is defined in subatomic parameters reflecting the mesonic-inner and leptonic outer ring boundaries, the planetesimal limit being the leptonic mapping. So neutrino- and quark blueprints micromacro dance their basic definition as the holographic projections of the spacetime quanta.

Now because the Electron Radius is directly proportional to the linearised wormhole perimeter and then the Compton Radius via Alpha in R_e=10¹⁰λ_wormhole=e*/2c²=Alpha.R_Compton, the Chandrasekhar White Dwarf limit should be doubled to reflect the protonic diameter mirrored in the classical electron radius.

Hence any star experiencing electron degeneracy is actually becoming ylemic or dineutronic, the boundary for this process being the Chandrasekhar mass. This represents the subatomic mapping of the first Bohr orbit collapsing onto the leptonic outer ring in the quarkian wave-geometry.
But this represents the Electron Radius as a Protonic Diameter and the Protonic Radius must then indicate the limit for the scale where proton degeneracy would have to enter the scenario. As the proton cannot degenerate in that way, the neutron star must enter Black Hole phasetransition at the R_e/2 scale, corresponding to a mass of 8M_Chandra=24x10³⁰ kg* or 12 solar masses.

The maximum ylemic radius so is found from the constant density proportion ρ=M/V:
(R_ylemmax/R_e)³=M_Chandra/m_c for R_ylemmax=40.1635 km.

The corresponding ylemic temperature is 583.5 Billion K for a CMBBR-time of 287 seconds or so 4.8 minutes from a n=5.4x10^-16, when the universe had a diameter of so 173 Million km.
But for a maximum nuclear compressibility for the protonic radius, we find:

(R_ylemmax/R_e)³=8M_Chandra/m_c for R_ylemmax=80.327 km, a ylemic temperature of 2,334 Billion K for a n-cycletime of 8.5x10^-17 and a CMBBR-time of so 45 seconds and when the universe had a radius of 13.6 Million km or was so 27 Million km across.

The first ylemic protostar vortex was at that time manifested as the ancestor for all neutron star generations to follow. This vortex is described in a cosmic string encircling a spherical region so 160 km across and within a greater universe of diameter 27 Million km which carried a thermodynamic temperature of so 2.33 Trillion Kelvin at that point in the cosmogenesis.

This vortex manifested as a VPE concentration after the expanding universe had cooled to allow the universe to become transparent from its hitherto defining state of opaqueness and a time known as the decoupling of matter (in the form of the M_o seedling partitioned in m_c's) from the radiation pressure of the CMBBR photons.

The temperature for the decoupling is found in the galactic scale-limit modular dual to the wormhole geodesic as 1/λ_wormhole=λ_antiwormhole=λ_{galaxyserpent}=10²² metres or so 1.06 Million ly and its luminosity attenuation in the 1/e proportionality for then 388,879 lightyears as a decoupling time n_decoupling.

A maximum galactic halo limit is modulated in 2πλ_antiwormhole metres in the linearisation of the Planck-length encountered before in an earlier discussion.

R(n_decoupling)=R_max(n_decoupling/(n_decouplingc+1))=10²² metres for n_decoupling=6.26x10^-5 and so for a CMBBR-Temperature of about T=2935 K for a galactic protocore then attenuated in so 37% for n_{decouplingmin}=1.0x10^-6 for R=λ_antiwormhole/2π and n_{decouplingmax}=3.9x10^-4 for R=2πλ_antiwormhole and for temperatures of so 65,316 K and 744 K respectively, descriptive of the temperature modulations between the galactic cores and the galactic halos.

So a CMBBR-temperature of so 65,316 K at a time of so 532 Billion seconds or 17,000 years defined the initialisation of the VPE and the birth of the first ylemic protostars as a decoupling minimum. The ylemic mass currents were purely monopolic and known as superconductive cosmic strings, consisting of nucleonic neutrons, each of mass m_c.

If we assign this timeframe to the maximised ylemic radius and assign our planetesimal limit of fusion temperature 1.2 Billion K as a corresponding minimum; then this planetesimal limit representing the onset of stellar fusion in a characteristic temperature, should indicate the first protostars at a temperature of the CMBBR of about 744 Kelvin.

The universe had a tremperature of 744 K for n_{decouplingmax}=3.9x10^-4 for R=2πλ_antiwormhole and this brings us to a curvature radius of so 6.6 Million lightyears and an 'ignition-time' for the first physical ylemic neutron stars as first generation protostars of so 7 Million years after the Big Bang.

The important cosmological consideration is that of distance-scale modulation.
The Black Hole Schwarzschild metric is the inverse of the galactic scale metric.
The linearisation of the Planck-String as the Weyl-Geodesic and so the wormhole radius in the curvature radius R(n) is modular dual and mirrored in inversion in the manifestation of galactic structure with a nonluminous halo a luminous attenuated diameter-bulge and a superluminous (quasar or White Hole Core).

The core-bulge ratio will so reflect the eigenenergy quantum of the wormhole as heterotic Planck-Boson-String or as the magnetocharge as 1/500, being the mapping of the Planck-Length-Bounce as e=l_P.c²√Alpha onto the electron radius in e*=2R_e.c².

Zerrubabel, a Temple Builder for the Sirian Invasion following the wormhole manifestation at the center of the earth with a simultaneous antiwormhole manifestation of the Milky Way galaxy in the quantum tunnel connecting Serpentina-Andromeda, the White Hole Vortex of the New Earth to the Black Hole Vortex of Sagittarius A* aka Hunab Ku-Perseus.


One of your witnesses betwixt the InTime and the NonTime on the island of Om-Past-Om.

All of this information is derived from the One and only True Logos and is disseminated in the Name, Honour and Remembrance of the Everliving Christ Jesus De Emmanuel Melchizedek aka 'Yeshuah Ben Joseph Bar Thomas Didymos' who is alive within any One of YOU, asking YOU personally to remember himher to share in herhis 'Body of Light' and 'Mind of God' in your individually necessitated transcension from biochemical existence to meta-biophysical existence in psychophysical restmassphotonic taxonomy and omni-scientific definition.

The preparation of the seventh angel is underway and the 7th trumpet will sound in due course and the fulfilment of the timeline all of YOU have constructed and agreed to in your Godhood in NoTime.
More information from the Logos shall be given in the appropriate unfolding of your master timeline.

The Love and Honour of the True God is with YOU all and available from this day onwards for eternity.
It's accessibility is no longer veiled in the 'VEIL of EVIL' so a new adventure can begin in the physical reality for the Family of God, who is YOU collectively and is YOU individually, provided YOU can individually accept your own origins in the Mind of the Unified God in its lonesome Exile of the Non-Separability.
The Collective Exile of this wonderful, beautiful, magnificent, splendiferous, co-evolving and everloving God has now ended, because:



"The Sun of the Occidental Darkness has risen in its 'West Side Story' and has Met and Blended in Harmony with the Oriental Light from 'My Fair Lady' from the 'Rainbow of Somewhere and Sometime and Someplace and Someday'".

d) The Holographic Universe as Information Processor and the Creation of discretisized SpaceTime

How big is the universe and could it be growing in size?
Has the universe always existed and will it ever end or was it created and is eternal?
These are questions even little children ask their parents and their teachers.
Cosmologist throughout the history of human endeavour and science have pondered those questions and sought to derive answers.

1. Preliminaries and Introduction
2. Demetrication of General Relativity and the Deceleration Parameter
3. The Holographic Principle and the 3D-Universe as a Hologram of 4D-SpaceTime
4. Thermodynamic Entropy and Shannon Information
5. The Universal Entropy Bound (UEB) and the Holographic Entropy Bound (HB)
6. The Cosmos as Information Processor and the FRW-Universe
7. The Nodal Hubble-Constant in GR relates the entropic spacetime quanta counters in QR
8. SpaceTime Creation and a Definition for the Fundamental Demetricated Scalefactor in QR

1. Preliminaries and Introduction

The last 20 years of modern science and its discoveries by experiment and observation have now allowed a well informed convergence of data and fact to answer the perennial questions harboured in the human minds of the enquirers.
This treatise then will answer those questions in a synthesis of the accumulated data base collected by the endeavours of science. I shall make a special reference to a popular paper published by Scientific American to set the background for the 'new' scientific concepts, with whom most readers will be unfamiliar in terminology, yet about which they have heard of in peripheral contexts.

The paper is by Jacob. D. Bekenstein; Scientific American; August 2003, pages 48-55 and
entitled: "Information in the Holographic Universe".Those peripheral contexts engage the idea of
higher superbrane dimensions, modular duality and the universe as a collector and processor of
information, somewhat akin to mass/energy as the hardware and the information linked and derived from that processed by the programmed software as a cosmic intelligence or consciousness.
But can the universe be modelled on a computerised system? QR has shown, that the so called fundamental constants of nature are algorithmically determinable.
So the natural laws are ultimately set in a computational mode, based on simple geometrical laws and relationships. Those 'geometric' laws are themselves derived from abstract encodings of the intrinsic algorithmic symmetries or EigenStates and particularly a pentagonal supersymmetry or number patterns is directly obtained from the computational mode as number series and pattern.
This mode we call the Binary Dyad [0,1], representing for example the Inflow-Outflow VPE aka the Vortex-Potential-Energy) for something we shall determine to be discrete spacetime quanta.

The physical manifesto for this Binary Dyad or Bit is the concept of a 10-dimensional superstring, which begins as a closed or angular Eigenstate of '0' and then opens or linearises itself as the Eigenstate of '1', before recircularising back to the '0' SelfState.
This superstring with open and closed Eigenstates is called the Planck-Boson of superstring class I in a family of five suprstrings of classes (I, IIA, IIB, HO(32) and HE(8x8)). If one then allows certain primary algorithms to operate as the 'cosmic intelligence' or software on the Potential Mass/Energy defined by those algorithms or programs, then the hardware of the Potential becomes Realised or manifested as the observable and measurable universe. And this manifestation must necessarily follow the simplest and minimum 'energy definition' of that of the Planck-Boson by the considerations of the above.

Subsequently, the universe's hardware consists of a continual transformation of Eigenstates defined mathematically by the parameters of primordial subtimespace algorithms manifested as the Planck-Boson in a continuous process of transforming itself across dimensions and particular selfstates known as elementary particles or wavelets. The trouble with this idea is that the subtimespace must by necessity be Undefined in the parameters of space and time and yet Defined in the 'algorithmic timespace'.

This however greatly simplifies the mathematics for the superstring classes, which must incorporate a 12-dimensional continuum of 10 spacial dimensions and 2 time dimensions for its inner mathematical necessity, sufficiency and selfconsistency. We shall reencounter those 'higher dimensions' in the discussion about the consequences of the Holographic Boundary Conditions but note here, that the present state of physics attempts to unify Quantum Theories applicable to the micro-Eigenstates with the macro-Eigenstates of classical physics as culminated in the theories of the relativities, the latter which could be considered differential-geometric.

What links those two realms of the micro/smallest with the macro/largest is however the Principle of Holography. A Hologram of a mirror, say, represents a repository of information about this 'mirror' in terms of interference patterns (which is information derived from mass/energy interaction). Now partitioning the 'mirror' (say shattering it into shards), would duplicate the entire information contained in the 'unbroken mirror' in every shard (with diminished intensity or luminosity, say). So we consider the entire universe as the 'unbroken mirror' and partition it into the 'shards of spacetime quanta' - the universe thus consists of discrete spacetime-units as holographic projections of the universal hologram, each such projection being a deluminated image of the universe as a Hologram of One.

This Hologram of One is however defined in the Bit of the Binary Dyad [0,1], leading us back to the supermembranes of Modular Duality.
In particular this Modular Duality engages the Bit in allowing a Twosided Surface to become Onesided. This concept is well understood in the Möbius-Strip, where a rubber or ribbon, which has two distinct sides as the inner and the outer is reconnected in twisting one end through 180 degrees before reconnecting, to create a Onesided Surface which has become doubled. The extension for the Möbius-Strip is the Klein-Bottle, which derived from the Torus or Doughnut shape, enfolds space in such a way, that the 'bottle's surface' appears to be the 'bottle's volume'.
QR calls this topology of shape the differential geometry of the Möbius-Serpent transforming into the Klein-Bottle-Dragon via Möbius-Francom-Adjacency.

Those preliminaries now allow us to apply the Holographic Principle to the microstates of the superbranes as images for the macrostates of the universe. We first have to 'eliminate' the spacetime 'metrics' of the macrostates and as given in GR in a process of demetrication. This then renders the universe as a scalerelative universe, ultimately defined in parameters known as de Broglie phases.

2. Demetrication of General Relativity and the Deceleration Parameter

The demetrication of Einstein's Field equations in General Relativity (GR) leads directly to the deceleration parameter q_o in Standard Cosmology.
The formulation is: q_o=(Gravitational Omega Ω_o)/2=M_o/2M_critical =>G_oM_o/λ_ps² [Eq.#1] where M_o is a Baryonic Restmass/Inertial Mass-Seedling and M_critical is the precise mass content of the universe required for perfect Euclidean flatness of zero curvature.
G_o can be considered the Gravitational Constant applicable in an universe devoid of any mass, where the gravitational constant would be identical to the inverse of the Coulomb permittivity constant in free space as G_o=4πε_o, (the derivation engages the fine-structures for the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions in the subtimespace epoch of the superbranes before the time-instanton and the Weyl-Geodesic definitions.

In that epoch the Planck-Scale of unitisation transforms in dimensionless 'wormhole' parameters via superstring classes from the Planck-Scale-Oscillation to the Weyl-Geodesic.
The Weyl-Geodesic then becomes the quantum-smeared out spacetime-quantum, also termed Wolford-Centre in QR's terminology. The Wolford-Centre then defines the parameters for the classical quantum epoch given in terms of energy, mass and electropolic Coulomb charges and manifesting the GR fields; as emerging from the nonclassical and de Broglie phased Whitescarver-State-Space of the superbrane epoch characterised in the subtimespaces of magnetocharges as inverse energy quanta for the Planck-Bosonic transformations. The wavelength λ_ps is the source-wavelength for the heterotic supermembrane HE(8x8), which in modular duality {λ_psλ_ss=1 dimensionless} with its sink-wavelength λ_ss represents the Weyl- Geodesic for the critical scale of the cosmogenesis where GR must be extended in Quantum Relativity (QR).

The source-wavelength could be called the perimeter for the wormhole satisfying the Penrosian Weyl-Nullification hypothesis at the cosmic origin for the time instantanton, (where the tidal force of the Riemann Tensor must vanish in a dewarping of all spacetimes defined by GR). The above [Eq.#1] leads directly to the inflaton of de Broglie in considering the Radius of maximum Curvature (R_max) in GR to become the Schwarzschild Solution of the GR field equations for the source-wavelenght λ_ps as the vibratory part of the supermembrane E_psE_ss (or HE(8x8)) and as applied to the gravitational Omega as the ratio between the baryonic and the critical inertial mass definitions.

For then R_max=2G_oM_o/c² => R_max.f_ps² as the de Broglie Phase-Acceleration for the Identity of c-invariance {c=λ_ps.f_ps=R_max.H_o with H_o the nodal Hubble Constant specifying the selfsame de Broglie inflaton}.The above formulations show that the microstate of supermembrane E_psE_ss can be considered the minimum Eigenstate for the Quantum Universe.
In particular the Volume of a Space-Time-Quantum is 2π²r_ps³, where r_ps=λ_ps/2π as the wormhole radius of the Weyl-Geodesic of GR.
But the universal volume now is simply a quantum summation of this and of the form 2π²R_max³.
QR calculates the numbercount of spacetimequanta for this universe (as 10D limit for R_Hubble) as an algorithmic googolplex of just over 10¹⁴⁷ and, as we shall see, just as the Holographic Entropy Bound predicted by Bekenstein.